The TBT3-UDV uses separate USB controllers for different ports. Plugable explains that the two lower rear USB 3.0 ports near Ethernet use an ASMedia controller, while other USB ports use a Fresco controller. A failure limited to that pair can therefore have a specific software explanation.

On affected Windows 10 or 11 hosts, install Plugable's ASMedia host controller driver with the dock connected, then restart and retest. The guide says this Windows driver issue does not apply to macOS. Record exactly which ports work instead of reporting the whole dock as disconnected when some functions remain available.